Ethiopia

Gebre Mesqel Lalibela (also called simply "Lalibela", which means "the bees recognise his sovereignty" in Old Agaw) was negus of Ethiopia, and a member of the Zagwe dynasty; he is also considered a saint by the Ethiopian church. According to Taddesse Tamrat, he was the son of Jan Seyum and brother of Kedus Harbe. Tradition states that he reigned for 40 years.^[1] According to Getachew Makonnen Hasen, his reign was from 1189 to 1229.^[2] He is best known as the king who either built or commissioned the monolithic churches of Lalibela.

King Lalibela was born at either Adefa or Roha (later named Lalibela after him) in Bugna. Tradition states that he went into exile due to the hostility of his uncle Tatadim and his brother king Kedus Harbe, and was almost poisoned to death by his half-sister. Because Lalibela came to power during his brother's lifetime, Taddesse Tamrat suspects that he came to power by force of arms.

Details about the construction of his 11 monolithic churches at Lalibela have been lost. The later Gadla Lalibela, a hagiography of the king, states that he carved these churches out of stone with only the help of angels.

His chief queen was Masqal Kibra, about whom a few traditions have survived. She induced Abuna Mikael to make her brother Hirun bishop, and a few years later the Abuna left Ethiopia for Egypt, complaining that Hirun had usurped his authority.^[5] Another tradition states that she convinced king Lalibela abdicate in favor of his nephew Na'akueto La'ab, but after 18 months of his nephew's misrule she convinced Lalibela to resume the throne. Taddesse Tamrat suspects that the end of Lalibela's rule was not actually this amiable, and argues that this tradition masks a brief usurpation of Na'akueto La'ab, whose reign was ended by Lalibela's son, Yetbarak.^[6] Getachew Mekonnen credits her with having one of the rock-hewn churches, Bet Aba Libanos, built as a memorial for Lalibela after his death.

Unlike the other Zagwe kings, a sizeable amount of written material has survived about his reign, besides the Gadla Lalibela. An embassy from the Patriarch of Alexandria visited his court around 1210, and have left an account of him, and Na'akueto La'ab and Yetbarak.^[8] The Italian scholar Carlo Conti Rossini has edited and published the several land grants that survive from his reign .